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William Henry Fox Talbot
William Henry Fox Talbot was mathematician, archaeologist, and one of the most important pioneers of photography. He was inventor of the first predecessor of the modern analog photographic process with negatives as originals and positive prints as copies of the photographs.
Fox Talbox called these types of images Calotypes, and they also became known as Talbotypes.
John and thomas knoll Talbot, William Henry Fox (–), pioneer of photography, was born on 11 February at Melbury, Dorset, the only child of William Davenport Talbot (–), army officer, of Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire, and Elisabeth Theresa (–), eldest child of Henry Thomas Fox-Strangways, second earl of Ilchester (–), and his.He was born on February 11th in Melbury, Dorset as son of cavalry captain Mr. William Davenport Talbot and Lady Elizabeth Fox-Strangways. Since his father died early he grew up at the homes of several relatives. Since they sent him to Hooker's private school in Rottingdean, and later to the school of Harrow. He learned French, Italian, Latin and Greek, even Hebrew language, and he was interested in chemistry and botany.
When he was fifteen he moved to private teachers in Castleford, Yorkshire. In he became a freshman at Trinity College in Cambridge. He won several awards during his time there, one for his Greek poems, another for the best examination performance in mathematics, and last not least gold medals for outstanding academic accomplishments.
William henry fox talbot born William Henry Fox Talbot (born February 11, , Melbury Sampford, Dorset, England—died September 17, , Lacock Abbey, near Chippenham, Wiltshire) was an English chemist, linguist, archaeologist, and pioneer photographer.After his studies in Cambridge he published mathematical tracts for which he became member of the Royal Society in From to he was member of Parliament.
| Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire engraving by J. Garner drawing by J.P. Neale |
In the years to he had undertaken a journey to Italy where he had made attempts to draw the magnificent landscapes with a camera obscura.
He was not happy with the results. When he undertook his second journey to Italy in he tried it with a camera lucida. Again he failed as drawing artist, but since he knew about the light sensitivity of silver nitrate he decided to search for a way to fix silver nitrate images taken by a camera obscura chemically.
William henry fox talbot photograms
William Henry Fox Talbot (born February 11, , Melbury Sampford, Dorset, England—died September 17, , Lacock Abbey, near Chippenham, Wiltshire) was an English chemist, linguist, archaeologist, and pioneer photographer.In January he began his research on it, but the successful ideas came after he had read the tract of T. Wedgwood and H. Davy from about making object shadow images on chemically prepared paper. Talbot improved that process, finally getting persistent images.
He soaked paper with sodium chloride solution, dried it, and bathed it in silver nitrate solution.
In a copy frame he could make blueprints of documents with such silver chloride paper. Later he repeated the soaking processes with salt and nitrate several times.
So he got a more light sensitive paper, best if it was prepared with more silver nitrate than salt. On a bright day he could make a first photograph of his family's home in Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire with such a paper in a camera which had been made in by a joiner from the village after Talbot's plan. Since the exposure time was 2 to 3 hours he let make the joiner a whole set of such cameras.
Fox Talbots wife Constance called them "mousetraps". It was the first series of photographic cameras ever made.
Fox Talbot fixed the images with sodium chloride solution, but when he heard from John Herschel about sodium thiosulfate he used solutions made of that natron which proved to be the best to make the images persistent.
His document blueprint process was published in January , 3 weeks after journals reported Daguerre's invention of photography.
Talbot got patents on his own inventions. He discovered several other photochemical methods.
| portrait by A. Claudet |
In he found an improved process. He prepared the paper in soaking/drying processes with silver nitrate and then with potassium iodide.
After that preparation the paper contained silver iodide which is not very light sensitive. Shortly before usage the paper had to be moistened with a solution made of acetic acid, silver nitrate and gallic acid. After drying, the paper could be used in a camera. With the new silver iodide paper used instead of silver chloride paper exposure times shrank dramatically from one or more hours to around 30 seconds to 10 minutes, depending on the aperture.
The images had to be made visible after exposure by bathing them again in the gallic silver nitrate solution. The fixing method was a bath in potassium bromide or better sodium thiosulfate solution.
In he introduced the making of prints of his photographs which were black&white negatives. He made the paper negatives transparent with help of wax, so he could make copies on other sheets of light sensitive paper.
He called his paper based type of photography calotype (sometimes talbotype) process. In he developed a way to make enlargements of the original images. Many professional photographers and even amateurs, among them Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, used the talbotype process for their photography.
Of course Fox Talbot himself became a great photographer.
William henry fox talbot biography: William Henry Fox Talbot (/ ˈtɔːlbət /; 11 February – 17 September ) was an English scientist, inventor, and photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes, precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries.
He and his employees, among them Claudet, Hennemann, Rev. Calvert Jones and Rev. G. W. Bridges, made the first photographic images of various sites and cities, on a high artistic level.
In or he published his book The Pencil Of Nature which was illustrated with photographs on silver chloride paper. In he eased patent related restrictions after the President of the Royal Society Lord Rosse and the President of the Royal Academy Sir Charles Eastlake both insisted on such a measure for the benefit of sciences.
In the same year he received a new patent on photographic engraving, in another for photoglyphic engraving.
William henry fox talbot photography William Henry Fox Talbot (/ ˈ t ɔː l b ə t /; 11 February – 17 September ) was an English scientist, inventor, and photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes, precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries.This were efforts towards making image printing plates by a photographic process. In Czech painter Karel Klíč completed these developments. The Talbot-Klič process is a photogravure method able to reproduce the detail and continuous tones of a photograph, still in use until today for artful printing of photos or fine art reproductions.
In his last years Fox Talbot tried to achieve a photographic process for natural colors but failed. His main interests at that time were electromagnetism and assyrian wedge writing. He helped to translate the wedge writings found in Ninive. Before he died on September 17th in Lacock Abbey he had become one of the most excellent scientists of the 19th century.
After his death the family still lived in Lacock Abbey. The negatives of all his early photographs lay nearly untouched on a cupboard somewhere in the house. After six decades they were discovered. Fox Talbot's grand-daughter, Miss Matilda Talbot, gave the well preserved negatives to the Science Museum, South Kensington, together with original photographs, documents and photographic equipment of her grandfather.
In an exhibition of Fox Talbot's photographs was organized to commemorate the centenary of his death, with original photographs of the collections of the Science Museum, the Royal Photographic Society, the Fox Talbot Museum, and the Kodak Museum.
Chemicals mentioned in the article, links to Wikipedia
Links
Literature
- Brochure of the Swiss illustrated magazine "camera" with the title: "William Henry Fox Talbot, " (English and German texts, images of the great exhibition of )
- D.
B. Thomas: The First Negatives - An account of the discovery and early use of the negative-positive photographic process, South Kensington