What did johnny cash die from
Johnny Cash
American country singer (–)
This article is about the singer. For other uses, see Johnny Cash (disambiguation)."John R. Cash" redirects here. For the album, see John R. Cash (album).
John R. Cash (born J. R. Cash; February 26, – September 12, ) was an American singer-songwriter.
Most of Cash's music contains themes of sorrow, moral tribulation, and redemption, especially songs from the later stages of his career.[3][4] He was known for his deep, calm, bass-baritone voice,[a] the distinctive sound of his backing band, the Tennessee Three, that was characterized by its train-like chugging guitar rhythms, a rebelliousness[6][7] coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor,[3] and his free prison concerts.[8] Cash wore a trademark all-black stage wardrobe, which earned him the nickname "Man in Black".[b]
Born to poor cotton farmers in Kingsland, Arkansas, Cash grew up on gospel music and played on a local radio station in high school.
He served four years in the Air Force, much of it in West Germany. After his return to the United States, he rose to fame during the mids in the burgeoning rockabilly scene in Memphis, Tennessee. He traditionally began his concerts by introducing himself with "Hello, I'm Johnny Cash".[c] He began to follow that by "Folsom Prison Blues", one of his signature songs.
His other signature songs include "I Walk the Line", "Ring of Fire", "Get Rhythm", and "Man in Black". He also recorded humorous numbers like "One Piece at a Time" and "A Boy Named Sue", a duet with his future wife June called "Jackson" (followed by many further duets after they married), and railroad songs such as "Hey, Porter", "Orange Blossom Special", and "Rock Island Line".[11] During the last stage of his career, he covered songs by contemporary rock artists; among his most notable covers were "Hurt" by Nine Inch Nails, "Rusty Cage" by Soundgarden, and "Personal Jesus" by Depeche Mode.
Cash is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 90 million records worldwide.[12][13] His genre-spanning music embraced country, rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, folk, and gospel sounds. This crossover appeal earned him the rare honor of being inducted into the Country Music, Rock and Roll, and Gospel Music Halls of Fame.
Early life
Cash was born J. R. Cash in Kingsland, Arkansas, on February 26, ,[15] to Carrie Cloveree (née Rivers) and Ray Cash. He had three older siblings, Roy, Margaret Louise, and Jack, and three younger siblings, Reba, Joanne, and Tommy (who also became a successful country artist).[16][17] He was primarily of English and Scottish descent.[18][19][20]
His paternal grandmother claimed Cherokee ancestry, but a DNA test of Cash's daughter Rosanne in on Finding Your Roots, hosted by historian Henry Louis Gates Jr, found she has no known Native American markers.[21] The researchers found Rosanne Cash has % Sub-Saharan African DNA, and they found the Sub-Saharan African DNA comes from both maternal and paternal sides of Cash's family.[21] Researchers traced the Sub-Saharan African DNA to Rosanne's enslaved maternal African ancestors: her "third great-grand-mother" Sarah A.
Shields and Shields' mother, who could have been of "full African descent."[21] Gates also informed Cash that the researchers traced Sub-Saharan African DNA to "an unknown African ancestor on your father's [Johnny's] side."[21]
After meeting with the then-laird of Falkland in Fife, Major Michael Crichton-Stuart, Cash became interested in his Scots ancestry.
He traced his Scottish surname to 11th-century Fife. [23][24] Cash Loch and other locations in Fife bear the surname of his father. He is a distant cousin of British Conservative politician Sir William Cash.[25] He also had English ancestry.
Because his mother wanted to name him John and his father preferred to name him Ray when he was born, they compromised on the initials "J.
R."[26] But when Cash enlisted in the Air Force after high school, he was not permitted to use initials as a first name. He adopted the name "John R. Cash". In , when signing with Sun Records, he started using the name "Johnny Cash".[7]
In March , when Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas, a New Deal colony established during the Great Depression under the administration of President Franklin D.
Roosevelt. It was intended to give poor families the opportunity to work land that they might later own.[27]
From the age of five, Cash worked in cotton fields with his family, singing with them as they worked. Dyess and the Cash farm suffered a flood during his childhood. Later he wrote the song "Five Feet High and Rising".[28] His family's economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression gave him a lifelong sympathy for the poor and working class, and inspired many of his songs.
In ,[29] Cash's older brother Jack, with whom he was close, was cut almost in two by an unguarded table saw at work. He died of his wounds a week later.[30] According to Cash's autobiography, he, his mother, and Jack all had a sense of foreboding about that day; his mother urged Jack to skip work and go fishing with Cash, but Jack insisted on working as the family needed the money.
Cash often spoke of the guilt he felt over the incident. He would say that he looked forward to "meeting [his] brother in Heaven".[7]
Cash's early memories were dominated by gospel music and radio. Taught guitar by his mother and a childhood friend, Cash began playing and writing songs at the age of When young, Cash had a high-tenor voice, before becoming a bass-baritone after his voice changed.[31]
In high school, he sang on a local Arkansas radio station.
Decades later, he released an album of traditional gospel songs called My Mother's Hymn Book. He was also strongly influenced by traditional Irish music, which he heard performed weekly by Dennis Day on the Jack Benny radio program.[32]
Cash enlisted in the Air Force on July 7, , shortly after the start of the Korean War.[33] After basic training at Lackland Air Force Base and technical training at Brooks Air Force Base, both in San Antonio, Texas, Cash was assigned to the 12th Radio Squadron Mobile of the U.S.
Air Force Security Service at Landsberg, West Germany. While in San Antonio, he met Vivian Liberto, an attractive girl of Sicilian, Irish and German ancestry. They dated briefly before his departure. During the years he served overseas, they exchanged thousands of letters.
He worked in West Germany as a Morse code operator, intercepting Soviet Army transmissions.
While working this job, Cash was said to be the first American to be given the news of Joseph Stalin's death (supplied via Morse code). His daughter, Rosanne, said that Cash had recounted the story many times over the years.[34][35][36] While at Landsberg, he created his first band, "The Landsberg Barbarians".[37] On July 3, , he was honorably discharged as a staff sergeant, and he returned to Texas.[38] During his military service, he acquired a distinctive scar on the right side of his jaw as a result of surgery to remove a cyst.[39][40]
Soon after his return, Cash married Vivian Liberto in San Antonio.
She had grown up Catholic and was married in the church by her paternal uncle, Father Franco Liberto.[citation needed]
Career
Early career
In , Cash and his first wife Vivian moved to Memphis, Tennessee. He sold appliances while studying to be a radio announcer. At night, he played with guitarist Luther Perkins and bassist Marshall Grant.
Perkins and Grant were known as the Tennessee Two. Cash worked up the courage to visit the Sun Records studio, hoping to get a recording contract.[41] He auditioned for Sam Phillips by singing mostly gospel songs, only to learn from the producer that he no longer recorded gospel music. Phillips was rumored to have told Cash to "go home and sin, then come back with a song I can sell".
In a interview, Cash denied that Phillips made any such comment.[42] Cash eventually won over the producer with new songs delivered in his early rockabilly style. In , Cash made his first recordings at Sun, "Hey Porter" and "Cry! Cry! Cry!", which were released in late June and met with success on the country hit parade.
On December 4, , Elvis Presley dropped in on Phillips while Carl Perkins was in the studio cutting new tracks, with Jerry Lee Lewis backing him on piano. Cash was also in the studio, and the four started an impromptujam session. Phillips left the tapes running and the recordings, almost half of which were gospel songs, survived. They have since been released under the title Million Dollar Quartet.
In Cash: the Autobiography, Cash wrote that he was the farthest from the microphone and sang in a higher pitch to blend in with Elvis.
Cash's next record, "Folsom Prison Blues", made the country top five. His "I Walk the Line" became number one on the country charts and entered the pop charts top "Home of the Blues" followed, recorded in July That same year, Cash became the first Sun artist to release a long-playing album.
Although he was Sun's most consistently selling and prolific artist at that time, Cash felt constrained by his contract with the small label.
Why was johnny cash in prison: Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison: Himself Documentary film; archive footage Johnny Cash's America: My Father and the Man in Black: The Winding Stream: Johnny Cash: American Rebel a/k/a I Am Johnny Cash: We're Still Here: Johnny Cash's Bitter Tears Revisited: The Gift: The Journey of Johnny Cash: My Darling Vivian:
Phillips did not want Cash to record gospel and was paying him a 3% royalty rather than the standard rate of 5%. Presley had already left Sun, and Cash felt that Phillips was focusing most of his attention and promotion on Lewis.
In , Cash left Phillips to sign a lucrative offer with Columbia Records.
His single "Don't Take Your Guns to Town" became one of his biggest hits. He recorded a collection of gospel songs for his second album for Columbia. However, Cash left behind such a backlog of recordings with Sun that Phillips continued to release new singles and albums featuring previously unreleased material until as late as Cash was in the unusual position of having new releases out on two labels concurrently.
Sun's release, a cover of "Oh Lonesome Me", made it to number 13 on the C&W charts.[d]
Early in his career, Cash was given the teasing nickname "the Undertaker" by fellow artists because of his habit of wearing black clothes. He said he chose them because they were easier to keep looking clean on long tours.[43]
In the early s, Cash toured with the Carter Family, which by this time regularly included Mother Maybelle's daughters, Anita, June, and Helen.
June later recalled admiring him from afar during these tours. In the s, he appeared on Pete Seeger's short-lived television series Rainbow Quest.[44] He also acted in, and wrote and sang the opening theme for, a film entitled Five Minutes to Live. It was later re-released as Door-to-door Maniac.
Cash's career was handled by Saul Holiff, a London, Ontario, promoter.
Their relationship was the subject of Saul's son's biopic My Father and the Man in Black.[45]
Outlaw image
As his career was taking off in the late s, Cash started drinking heavily and became addicted to amphetamines and barbiturates. For a brief time, he shared an apartment in Nashville with Waylon Jennings, who was deeply addicted to amphetamines.
Cash would use the stimulants to stay awake during tours. Friends joked about his "nervousness" and erratic behavior, many ignoring the warning signs of his worsening drug addiction.
Although he was in many ways spiraling out of control, Cash could still deliver hits due to his frenetic creativity. His rendition of "Ring of Fire" was a crossover hit, reaching number one on the country charts and entering the top 20 on the pop charts.
It was originally performed by June Carter's sister, but the signature mariachi-style horn arrangement was provided by Cash.[46] He said that it had come to him in a dream.
His first wife Vivian (Liberto) Cash claimed a different version of the origins of "Ring of Fire". In her book, I Walked the Line: My Life with Johnny (), Liberto says that Cash gave Carter half the songwriting credit for monetary reasons.[47]
In June , Cash's camper caught fire during a fishing trip with his nephew Damon Fielder in Los Padres National Forest in California.
It set off a forest fire that burned several hundred acres and nearly caused his death.[48][49] Cash claimed that the fire was caused by sparks from a defective exhaust system on his camper, but Fielder thought that Cash started a fire to stay warm and, under the influence of drugs, failed to notice the fire getting out of control.[50] When the judge asked Cash why he did it, Cash said, "I didn't do it, my truck did, and it's dead, so you can't question it."[51]
The fire destroyed acres (&#;ha), burned the foliage off three mountains and drove off 49 of the refuge's 53 endangered California condors.[52] Cash was unrepentant and said, "I don't care about your damn yellow buzzards."[53] The federal government sued him and was awarded $, Cash eventually settled the case and paid $82,[54]
Although Cash cultivated a romantic outlaw image, he never served a prison sentence.
Despite landing in jail seven times for misdemeanors, he was held only one night each time. On May 11, , he was arrested in Starkville, Mississippi, for trespassing late at night onto private property to pick flowers. (He used this incident as the basis for the song "Starkville City Jail". He discussed this on his live At San Quentin album.)[55]
While on tour later that year, he was arrested October 4 in El Paso, Texas, by a narcotics squad.
The officers suspected he was smugglingheroin from Mexico, but found instead Dexedrine capsules (amphetamines) and Equanil (sedatives or tranquilizers) tablets hidden inside his guitar case. Because the pills were prescription drugs rather than illegal narcotics, Cash received a suspended sentence. He posted a $1, bond and was released until his arraignment.[56]
In this period of the mids, Cash released a number of concept albums.
His Bitter Tears () was devoted to spoken word and songs addressing the plight of Native Americans and mistreatment by the government.
While initially reaching charts, this album met with resistance from some fans and radio stations, which rejected its controversial take on social issues.
In , a book was published about it, leading to a re-recording of the songs by contemporary artists and the making of a documentary film about Cash's efforts with the album.
This film was aired on PBS in February and November His Sings the Ballads of the True West () was an experimental double record, mixing authentic frontier songs with Cash's spoken narration.
Reaching a low with his severe drug addiction and destructive behavior, Cash and his first wife divorced after having separated in Some venues cancelled his performances, but he continued to find success.
June carter biography Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison: Himself Documentary film; archive footage Johnny Cash's America: My Father and the Man in Black: The Winding Stream: Johnny Cash: American Rebel a/k/a I Am Johnny Cash: We're Still Here: Johnny Cash's Bitter Tears Revisited: The Gift: The Journey of Johnny Cash: My Darling Vivian:In , Cash's duet with June Carter, "Jackson", won a Grammy Award.[57]
Cash was last arrested in in Walker County, Georgia, after police found he was carrying a bag of prescription pills when in a car accident. Cash attempted to bribe a local deputy, who turned the money down. He was jailed for the night in LaFayette, Georgia.
Sheriff Ralph Jones released him after giving him a long talk, warning him about the danger of his behavior and wasted potential. Cash credited that experience with helping him turn around and save his life. He later returned to LaFayette to play a benefit concert; it attracted 12, people (the city population was less than 9, at the time) and raised $75, for the high school.[58]
Reflecting on his past in a interview, Cash noted: "I was taking the pills for awhile, and then the pills started taking me."[59] June, Maybelle, and Ezra Carter moved into Cash's mansion for a month to help him get off drugs.
Cash proposed onstage to June on February 22, , at a concert at the London Gardens in London, Ontario, Canada. The couple married a week later (on March 1) in Franklin, Kentucky. She had agreed to marry Cash after he had "cleaned up."[60]
Cash's journey included rediscovery of his Christian faith.
He took an "altar call" in Evangel Temple, a small church in the Nashville area, pastored by Reverend Jimmie Rodgers Snow, son of country music legend Hank Snow. According to Marshall Grant, though, Cash did not completely stop using amphetamines in ; and did not fully end drug use for another two years. He was drug-free for a period of seven years.
In his memoir about time with Cash, Grant said that the birth of Cash's son, John Carter Cash, inspired the singer to end his dependence.[61]
Cash began using amphetamines again in By , he was deeply addicted again. He entered rehab at the Betty Ford Clinic in Rancho Mirage for treatment. He stayed off drugs for several years, but relapsed.
In , he entered Nashville's Cumberland Heights Alcohol and Drug Treatment Center. In , he started care at the Loma Linda Behavioral Medicine Center in Loma Linda, California, for his final rehabilitation treatment. (Several months later, his son followed him into this facility for treatment.)[62][63]
Folsom and other prison concerts
In the late s Cash began performing concerts at prisons.
He played his first notable prison concert on January 1, , at San Quentin State Prison in California.[64] These performances were recorded live, and released on highly successful albums: Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison () and Johnny Cash at San Quentin (). Both live albums reached number one on Billboard country album music and the latter crossed over to reach the top of the Billboard pop album chart.
In , Cash became an international hit when he eclipsed even The Beatles by selling &#;million albums.[65] In comparison, the prison concerts were much more successful than his later live albums such as Strawberry Cake recorded in London and Live at Madison Square Garden, which peaked at numbers 33 and 39 on the album charts, respectively.
The Folsom Prison record was introduced by a rendition of his "Folsom Prison Blues", while the San Quentin record included the crossover hit single "A Boy Named Sue", a Shel Silverstein novelty song that reached number one on the country charts and number two on the U.S. top pop charts.
In Cash performed at the Österåker Prison in Sweden.
The live album På Österåker (At Österåker) was released in "San Quentin" was recorded with Cash replacing "San Quentin" with "Österåker". In , a concert at Tennessee State Prison was videotaped for TV broadcast. It was posthumously released after Cash's death as a CD entitled A Concert Behind Prison Walls.
Cash placed great value upon patriotism and national service. Given his own service, Cash also supported his nephew, Captain Roy "Outlaw" Cash, Jr., USN. On St. Patrick's Day, March 17, , Johnny Cash diverted between scheduled performances to play a special concert along with The Tennessee Three for a military audience at the Naval War College in Rhode Island.
June Carter Cash and Carl Lee Perkins joined Cash and the Tennessee Three for the show. Before taking the stage, Cash warmed up with June and Perkins under the historic rotunda in Mahan Hall at the Naval War College. The recording of this "lost concert" of Johnny Cash show was donated by Captain Roy Cash, Jr., who later collaborated with Naval War College historian, David Kohnen, to write the account of the performance, which had previously remained undocumented in the official chronology of performances by Johnny Cash.[66]
Activism for Native Americans
Cash used his stardom and economic status to bring awareness to the issues surrounding the Native American people.[67] Cash sang songs about indigenous humanity in an effort to confront the U.S.
government. Many non-Native Americans did not address those topics in their music.[68] In , Cash and June Carter appeared on Pete Seeger's TV show, Rainbow Quest, on which Cash explained his start as an activist for Native Americans:
In '57, I wrote a song called "Old Apache Squaw" and then forgot the so-called Indian protest for a while, but nobody else seemed to speak up with any volume of voice.[69]
Columbia Music, the label for which Cash was recording then, was opposed to putting the song on his next album, considering it "too radical for the public".[70] Cash singing songs of Indian tragedy and settler violence went radically against the mainstream of country music in the s, which was dominated by the image of the righteous cowboy who makes the native's soil his own.[71]
In , coming off the chart success of his previous album I Walk the Line, he recorded the aforementioned album Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian.
The album featured stories of a multitude of Indigenous peoples, emphasizing their violent oppression by white settlers: the Pima people ("The Ballad of Ira Hayes"), Navajo ("Navajo"), Apache ("Apache Tears"), Lakota ("Big Foot"), Seneca ("As Long as the Grass Shall Grow"), and Cherokee ("The Talking Leaves"). Cash wrote three of the songs himself and one with the help of Johnny Horton.
The majority of these protest songs were written by folk artist Peter La Farge (son of Oliver La Farge, an activist and Pulitzer prizewinner). Cash met the younger La Farge in New York in the s and admired him for his activism.[72] The album's single, "The Ballad of Ira Hayes" was generally not played by commercial radio.
(Ira Hayes was a Native American who was one of the six soldiers featured in a photo raising the U.S. flag at Iwo Jima during World War II.)
The record label denied it promotion due to what it considered a provocative and "unappealing" nature. Cash faced resistance and was urged by an editor of a country music magazine to leave the Country Music Association, who said: "You and your crowd are just too intelligent to associate with plain country folks, country artists, and country DJs."[73]
In reaction, on August 22, , Cash posted a letter as an advertisement in Billboard, calling the record industry cowardly: "D.J.s – station managers – owners&#;[] where are your guts?
I had to fight back when I realized that so many stations are afraid of Ira Hayes. Just one question: WHY??? Ira Hayes is strong medicine&#;[] So is Rochester, Harlem, Birmingham and Vietnam."[74][75] Cash kept promoting the song and persuaded disc jockeys he knew to play it. The song eventually reached number three on the country charts, and the album rose to number two on the album charts.[73]
Later, on The Johnny Cash Show, he continued telling stories of Native-American plight, both in song and through short films, such as the history of the Trail of Tears.[76]
In , in recognition of his activism, Cash was adopted by the Seneca Nation's Turtle Clan.[77][78] He performed benefits in at the Rosebud Reservation, close to the historical landmark of the massacre at Wounded Knee, to raise money to help build a school.
He also played at the D-Q University in the s.[79]
In , Cash recorded a reading of John G. Burnett's , 80th-birthday essay[80] on Cherokee removal for the Historical Landmarks Association (Nashville).[81]
The Johnny Cash Show
From June to March , Cash starred in his own television show, The Johnny Cash Show, on the ABC network.[82] Produced by Screen Gems, the show was performed at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville.
The Statler Brothers opened for him in every episode; the Carter Family and rockabilly legend Carl Perkins were also part of the regular show entourage. Cash also enjoyed booking mainstream performers as guests; including Linda Ronstadt in her first TV appearance, Neil Young, Louis Armstrong, Neil Diamond, Kenny Rogers and the First Edition (who appeared four times), James Taylor, Ray Charles, Roger Miller, Roy Orbison, Derek and the Dominos, Joni Mitchell, and Bob Dylan.[82]
From September 15–18, , in Albuquerque, New Mexico, he performed a series of four concerts at the New Mexico State Fair to promote the first season of The Johnny Cash Show.[83][84] These live shows were produced with help from ABC and local concert producer Bennie Sanchez; during these sets, Johnny Cash and Al Hurricane performed together.[85] Also during The Johnny Cash Show era, he contributed the title song and other songs to the film Little Fauss and Big Halsy, which starred Robert Redford, Michael J.
Pollard, and Lauren Hutton.[86] The title song, "The Ballad of Little Fauss and Big Halsy", written by Carl Perkins, was nominated for a Golden Globe award in [87]
Cash had first met with Dylan in the mids and became neighbors in the late s in Woodstock, New York. Cash was enthusiastic about reintroducing the reclusive Dylan to his audience.
Cash sang a duet with Dylan, "Girl from the North Country", on Dylan's country album Nashville Skyline and also wrote the album's Grammy-winning liner notes.
Another artist who received a major career boost from The Johnny Cash Show was Kris Kristofferson, who was beginning to make a name for himself as a singer-songwriter. During a live performance of Kristofferson's "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down", Cash refused to change the lyrics to suit network executives, singing the song with its references to marijuana intact:
On a Sunday morning sidewalk
I'm wishin', Lord, that I was stoned.[88]
The closing program of The Johnny Cash Show was a gospel music special.
Guests included the Blackwood Brothers, Mahalia Jackson, Stuart Hamblen, and Billy Graham.[89]
The "Man in Black"
By the early s, Cash had established his public image as the "Man in Black". He regularly performed in entirely black suits with a long, black, knee-length coat.
This outfit stood in contrast to the rhinestone suits and cowboy boots worn by most of the major country acts of his day.
Cash said he wore all black on behalf of the poor and hungry, the "prisoner who has long paid for his crime", and those who have been betrayed by age or drugs.[90] He added, "With the Vietnam War as painful in my mind as it was in most other Americans, I wore it 'in mourning' for the lives that could have been'&#; Apart from the Vietnam War being over, I don't see much reason to change my position&#; The old are still neglected, the poor are still poor, the young are still dying before their time, and we're not making many moves to make things right.
There's still plenty of darkness to carry off."[90]
Initially, he and his band had worn black shirts because that was the only matching color they had among their various outfits. He wore other colors on stage early in his career, but he claimed to like wearing black both on and off stage.
He stated that political reasons aside, he simply liked black as his on-stage color.[9] The outdated US Navy's winter blue uniform used to be referred to by sailors as "Johnny Cashes", as the uniform's shirt, tie, and trousers are solid black.[91]
In the mids, Cash's popularity and number of hit songs began to decline.
He made commercials for Amoco and STP, an unpopular enterprise at the time of the s energy crisis. In , he made commercials for Lionel Trains, for which he also wrote the music.[92] However, his first autobiography, Man in Black, was published in and sold &#;million copies. A second, Cash: The Autobiography, appeared in
Cash's friendship with Billy Graham[93] led to his production of a film about the life of Jesus, Gospel Road: A Story of Jesus, which Cash co-wrote and narrated.
It was released in Cash viewed the film as a statement of his personal faith rather than a means of proselytizing.[94]
Cash and June Carter Cash appeared several times on the Billy Graham Crusade TV specials, and Cash continued to include gospel and religious songs on many of his albums, though Columbia declined to release A Believer Sings the Truth, a gospel double-LP Cash recorded in and which ended up being released on an independent label even with Cash still under contract to Columbia.
On November 22, , CBS ran his one-hour TV special entitled Riding The Rails, a musical history of trains.
He continued to appear on television, hosting Christmas specials on CBS in the late s and early s. Later television appearances included a starring role in an episode of Columbo, entitled "Swan Song". June and he appeared in an episode of Little House on the Prairie, entitled "The Collection".
He gave a performance as abolitionist John Brown in the American Civil War television miniseries North and South. In the s, Johnny and June appeared in Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman in recurring roles.
He was friendly with every US president, starting with Richard Nixon. He was closest to Jimmy Carter, with whom he became close friends and who was a distant cousin of his wife, June.[95]
When invited to perform at the White House for the first time in ,[96] Richard Nixon's office requested that he play "Okie from Muskogee" (a satirical Merle Haggard song about people who despised hippies, young drug users and Vietnam war protesters), "Welfare Cadillac" (a Guy Drake song which chastises the integrity of welfare recipients), and "A Boy Named Sue".
Cash declined to play the first two and instead selected other songs, including "The Ballad of Ira Hayes" and his own compositions, "What Is Truth" and "Man in Black". Cash wrote that the reasons for denying Nixon's song choices were not knowing them and having fairly short notice to rehearse them, rather than any political reason.[97] However, Cash added, even if Nixon's office had given Cash enough time to learn and rehearse the songs, their choice of pieces that conveyed "antihippie and antiblack" sentiments might have backfired.[98] In his remarks when introducing Cash, Nixon joked that one thing he had learned about him was one did not tell him what to sing.[99]
Johnny Cash was the grand marshal of the United States Bicentennial parade.[] He wore a shirt from Nudie Cohn which sold for $25, in auction in [] After the parade he gave a concert at the Washington Monument.[]
Highwaymen and departure from Columbia Records
In , Cash became the Country Music Hall of Fame's youngest living inductee at age 48, but during the s, his records failed to make a major impact on the country charts, although he continued to tour successfully.
In the mids, he recorded and toured with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, and Kris Kristofferson as the Highwaymen, making three hit albums, which were released beginning with the originally titled Highwayman in , followed by Highwaymen 2 in , and concluding with Highwaymen&#;– The Road Goes On Forever in
During that period, Cash appeared in a number of television films.
In , he starred in The Pride of Jesse Hallam, winning fine reviews for a film that called attention to adult illiteracy. In , he appeared as a heroic sheriff in Murder in Coweta County, based on a real-life Georgia murder case, which co-starred Andy Griffith as his nemesis.
Cash relapsed into addiction after being administered painkillers for a serious abdominal injury in caused by an incident in which he was kicked and wounded by an ostrich on his farm.[]
At a hospital visit in , this time to watch over Waylon Jennings (who was recovering from a heart attack), Jennings suggested that Cash have himself checked into the hospital for his own heart condition.
Doctors recommended preventive heart surgery, and Cash underwent double bypass surgery in the same hospital. Both recovered, although Cash refused to use any prescription painkillers, fearing a relapse into dependency. Cash later claimed that during his operation, he had what is called a "near-death experience".
In , Cash released a self-parody recording titled "The Chicken in Black" about Cash's brain being transplanted into a chicken and Cash receiving a bank robber's brain in return.
Biographer Robert Hilburn, in his book Johnny Cash: The Life, disputes the claim made that Cash chose to record an intentionally poor song in protest of Columbia's treatment of him. On the contrary, Hilburn writes, it was Columbia that presented Cash with the song, which Cash – who had previously scored major chart hits with comedic material such as "A Boy Named Sue" and "One Piece at a Time" – accepted enthusiastically, performing the song live on stage and filming a comedic music video in which he dresses up in a superhero-like bank-robber costume.
According to Hilburn, Cash's enthusiasm for the song waned after Waylon Jennings told Cash he looked "like a buffoon" in the music video (which was showcased during Cash's Christmas TV special), and Cash subsequently demanded that Columbia withdraw the music video from broadcast and recall the single from stores—interrupting its bona fide chart success—and termed the venture "a fiasco".[]
Between and , he recorded several sessions with famed countrypolitan producer Billy Sherrill (who also produced "The Chicken in Black"), which were shelved; they would be released by Columbia's sister label, Legacy Recordings, in as Out Among the Stars.[] Around this time, Cash also recorded an album of gospel recordings that ended up being released by another label around the time of his departure from Columbia (this due to Columbia closing down its Priority Records division that was to have released the recordings).
After more unsuccessful recordings were released between and , Cash left Columbia.
In , Cash returned to Sun Studios in Memphis to team up with Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins to create the album Class of '55; according to Hilburn, Columbia still had Cash under contract at the time, so special arrangements had to be made to allow him to participate.[] Also in , Cash published his only novel, Man in White, a book about Saul and his conversion to become the Apostle Paul.
He recorded Johnny Cash Reads The Complete New Testament in
American Recordings
After Columbia Records dropped Cash from his recording contract, he had a short and unsuccessful stint with Mercury Records from to During this time, he recorded an album of new versions of some of his best-known Sun and Columbia hits, as well as Water from the Wells of Home, a duets album that paired him with, among others, his children Rosanne Cash and John Carter Cash, as well as Paul McCartney.
A one-off Christmas album recorded for Delta Records followed his Mercury contract.
Though Cash would never have another chart hit from until his death, his career was rejuvenated in the s, leading to popularity with an audience which was not traditionally considered interested in country music. In , British post-punk musicians Marc Riley (formerly of the Fall) and Jon Langford (the Mekons) put together 'Til Things Are Brighter, a tribute album featuring mostly British-based indie-rock acts' interpretations of Cash's songs.
Cash was enthusiastic about the project, telling Langford that it was a "morale booster"; Rosanne Cash later said "he felt a real connection with those musicians and very validated It was very good for him: he was in his element. He absolutely understood what they were tapping into, and loved it". The album attracted press attention on both sides of the Atlantic.[] In , he sang a version of "Man in Black" for the Christian punk band One Bad Pig's album I Scream Sunday.
In , he sang "The Wanderer", the closing track of U2's album Zooropa.
Johnny cash biography prison time Well, not really. As Biography tells us, Johnny Cash struggled with substance abuse of various flavors, a fact he was pretty candid about. He was arrested at least seven times, according to the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette.According to Rolling Stone writer Adam Gold, "The Wanderer" – written for Cash by Bono, "defies both the U2 and Cash canons, combining rhythmic and textural elements of Nineties synth-pop with a Countrypolitan lament fit for the closing credits of a Seventies western."[]
No longer sought-after by major labels, he was offered a contract with producer Rick Rubin's American Recordings label, which had recently been rebranded from Def American, under which name it was better known for rap and hard rock.
Under Rubin's supervision, he recorded American Recordings () in his living room, accompanied only by his Martin Dreadnought guitar&#;– one of many Cash played throughout his career.[] The album featured covers of contemporary artists selected by Rubin. The album had a great deal of critical and commercial success, winning a Grammy for Best Contemporary Folk Album.
Cash wrote that his reception at the Glastonbury Festival was one of the highlights of his career. This was the beginning of a decade of music industry accolades and commercial success. He teamed up with Brooks & Dunn to contribute "Folsom Prison Blues" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. On the same album, he performed Bob Dylan's "Forever Young".[citation needed]
Cash and his wife appeared on a number of episodes of the television series Dr.
Quinn, Medicine Woman. He also lent his voice for a cameo role in The Simpsons episode "El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer (The Mysterious Voyage of Homer)", as the "Space Coyote" that guides Homer Simpson on a spiritual quest. In the toys-to-life video game Lego Dimensions, Cash posthumously reprised his role as the "Space Coyote" in the exclusive level for Homer, "The Mysterious Voyage of Homer" (a remake of the episode) via archival audio recordings from the original episode.
Cash was joined by guitarist Kim Thayil of Soundgarden, bassist Krist Novoselic of Nirvana, and drummer Sean Kinney of Alice in Chains for a cover of Willie Nelson's "Time of the Preacher", featured on the tribute album Twisted Willie, released in January []
In , Cash collaborated with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers on Unchained (also known as American Recordings II), which won the Best Country Album Grammy in The album was produced by Rick Rubin with Sylvia Massy engineering and mixing.
A majority of Unchained was recorded at Sound City Studios and featured guest appearances by Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, and Marty Stuart. Believing he did not explain enough of himself in his autobiography Man in Black, he wrote Cash: The Autobiography in
Later years and death
In , during a trip to New York City, Cash was diagnosed with the neurodegenerative disease Shy–Drager syndrome, a form of multiple system atrophy.[] According to biographer Robert Hilburn, the disease was originally misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease, and Cash even announced to his audience that he had Parkinson's after nearly collapsing on stage in Flint, Michigan, on October 25, Soon afterwards, his diagnosis was changed to Shy–Drager, and Cash was told he had about 18 months to live.[] The diagnosis was later again altered to autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes.
The illness forced Cash to curtail his touring. He was hospitalized in with severe pneumonia, which damaged his lungs.
During the last stage of his career, Cash released the albums American III: Solitary Man () and American IV: The Man Comes Around (). American IV included cover songs by several late 20th-century rock artists, notably "Hurt" by Nine Inch Nails and "Personal Jesus" by Depeche Mode.[]Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails commented that he was initially skeptical about Cash's plan to cover "Hurt", but was later impressed and moved by the rendition.[] The video for "Hurt" received critical and popular acclaim, including a Grammy Award.[][]
June Carter Cash died on May 15, , aged [] June had told Cash to keep working, so he continued to record, completing 60 songs in the last four months of his life.
He even performed surprise shows at the Carter Family Fold outside Bristol, Virginia. At the July 5, , concert (his last public performance), before singing "Ring of Fire", Cash read a statement that he had written shortly before taking the stage:
The spirit of June Carter overshadows me tonight with the love she had for me and the love I have for her.
We connect somewhere between here and Heaven. She came down for a short visit, I guess, from Heaven to visit with me tonight to give me courage and inspiration like she always has. She's never been one for me except courage and inspiration. I thank God for June Carter. I love her with all my heart.
Cash continued to record until shortly before his death.
"When June died, it tore him up", Rick Rubin recalled. "He said to me, 'You have to keep me working because I will die if I don't have something to do.' He was in a wheelchair by then and we set him up at his home in Virginia I couldn't listen to those recordings for two years after he died and it was heartbreaking when he died."[] Cash's final recordings were made on August 21, , and consisted of "Like the ", which appeared on American V: A Hundred Highways in , and the final song he completed, "Engine ", recorded for his son John Carter Cash's planned Carter Family tribute album.[]
While being hospitalized at Baptist Hospital in Nashville, Cash died of complications from diabetes at around &#;am Central Time on September 12, , aged 71—less than four months after his wife.
Public funeral services were held at the First Baptist Church in Hendersonville, Tennessee.[] He was buried next to her at Hendersonville Memory Gardens near his home in Hendersonville, Tennessee.
Personal life
On July 18, , while in Air Force basic training, Cash met year-old Italian-American Vivian Liberto at a roller skating rink in San Antonio, Texas.[] They dated for three weeks until Cash was deployed to West Germany for a three-year tour.
During that time, the couple exchanged hundreds of love letters. On August 7, , one month after his discharge, they were married at St. Ann's Roman Catholic Church in San Antonio. They had four daughters: Rosanne, Kathy, Cindy, and Tara. In , Cash moved his family to a hilltop home overlooking Casitas Springs, California. He had previously moved his parents to the area to run a small trailer park called the Johnny Cash Trailer Park.
His drinking led to several run-ins with local law enforcement. Liberto later said that she had filed for divorce in because of Cash's severe drug and alcohol abuse, as well as his constant touring, his repeated acts of adultery with other women, and his close relationship with singer June Carter.
Johnny cash songs By the late s Cash’s career was back on track, and he was soon discovered by a wider audience. The signal event in Cash’s turnaround was the album Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (), which was recorded live in front of an audience of some 2, inmates at California’s Folsom Prison. The performance was regarded as a risky move by.Their four daughters were then raised by their mother.
Cash met June of the famed Carter Family while on tour, and the two became infatuated with each other. In , thirteen years after they first met backstage at the Grand Ole Opry, Cash proposed to June, during a live performance in London, Ontario.[] The couple married on March 1, , in Franklin, Kentucky.
They had one child together, John Carter Cash, born March 3, He was the only son for both Johnny and June.
Johnny cash biography
As Biography tells us, Johnny Cash struggled with substance abuse of various flavors, a fact he was pretty candid about. He was arrested at least seven times, according to the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette.In addition to having his four daughters and John Carter, Cash also became stepfather to Carlene and Rosie, June's daughters from her first two marriages, to, respectively, honky-tonk singer Carl Smith, and former police officer, football player, and race-car driver Edwin "Rip" Nix. Cash and Carter continued to work, raise their child, create music, and tour together for 35 years until June's death in May Throughout their marriage, June attempted to keep Cash off amphetamines, often taking his drugs and flushing them down the toilet.
June remained with him even throughout his multiple admissions for rehabilitation treatment and decades of drug addiction. After June's death in May , Cash believed that his only reason for living was his music; he died only four months later.[]
Religious beliefs
Cash was raised by his parents in the Christian faith.
In , he became a Christian at the Central Baptist Church in Dyess, Arkansas, affiliated to the Southern Baptist Convention, and began singing publicly there.[] He was baptized shortly after in the Tyronza River.[]
A troubled but devout Christian, Cash has been characterized as a "lens through which to view American contradictions and challenges."[e] On May 9, , he answered the altar call at Evangel Temple in Nashville, an Assemblies of God congregation pastored by Jimmie R.
Snow, with outreach to people in the music world.[]
Cash penned a Christian novel, Man in White, in , and in the introduction writes about a reporter who, interested in Cash's religious beliefs, questioned whether the book is written from a Baptist, Catholic, or Jewish perspective. Cash replied, "I'm a Christian.
Don't put me in another box."[][][][]
In the mids, Cash and his wife, June, completed a course of study in the Bible through Christian International Bible College, culminating in a pilgrimage to Israel in November [63]:&#;66&#; Around that time, he was ordained as a minister, and officiated at his daughter's wedding.[] He often performed at Billy Graham Crusades.[] At a Tallahassee Crusade in , June and Johnny sang his song "One of These Days I'm Gonna Sit Down and Talk to Paul".[] At a performance in Arkansas in , Johnny Cash spoke to attendees of his commitment to the salvation of drug dealers and alcoholics.
He then sang "Family Bible".[]
He recorded several gospel albums and made a spoken-word recording of the entire New King James Version of the New Testament.[][] Cash declared he was "the biggest sinner of them all", and viewed himself overall as a complicated and contradictory man.[f] Accordingly,[g] Cash is said to have "contained multitudes", and has been deemed "the philosopher-prince of American country music."[][]
Cash is credited with having converted actor and singer John Schneider to Christianity.[]
Towards the end of his life, he and his wife attended the First Baptist Church in Hendersonville, Tennessee.[]
Legacy
Cash nurtured and defended artists such as Bob Dylan[46] on the fringes of what was acceptable in country music even while serving as the country music establishment's most visible symbol.
At an all-star concert which aired in on TNT, a diverse group of artists paid him tribute, including Dylan, Chris Isaak, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, Dom DeLuise, and U2. Cash himself appeared at the end and performed for the first time in more than a year. Two tribute albums were released shortly before his death; Kindred Spirits contains works from established artists, while Dressed in Black contains works from many lesser-known musicians.
Cash served as a major influence on Dylan's desire to transition to an electric guitar, which was notably shown during his performance at the Newport Folk Festival, and use of less traditional protest themed folk music.[][] In addition to his use of an electric guitar at the Newport Folk Festival, a letter which Cash wrote to the editor of Broadside which called for the people at the festival to "shut up and let me sing" shortly before the festival had major influence on Dylan's shift in the direction for his musical career as well.[][]
In total, he wrote over 1, songs and released dozens of albums.
A box set titled Unearthed was issued posthumously. It included four CDs of unreleased material recorded with Rubin, as well as a Best of Cash on American retrospective CD. The set also includes a page book that discusses each track and features one of Cash's final interviews.[]
In , Cash received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
In , Rolling Stone ranked Cash number 31 on their " Greatest Artists of All Time" list[][] and No. 21 on their " Greatest Singers" list in [] In , Rolling Stone ranked Cash's live album At Folsom Prison and studio album American Recordings at No.
88[] and No. [] in its list of the greatest albums of all time.
In recognition of his lifelong support of SOS Children's Villages, his family invited friends and fans to donate to the Johnny Cash Memorial Fund in his memory. He had a personal link with the SOS village in Dießen, at the Ammersee Lake in Bavaria, near where he was stationed as a GI, and with the SOS village in Barrett Town, by Montego Bay, near his holiday home in Jamaica.[][]
In January , Cash's lakeside home on Caudill Drive in Hendersonville was sold to Bee Gees vocalist Barry Gibb and wife Linda for $&#;million.
On April 10, , during major renovation works carried out for Gibb, a fire broke out at the house, spreading quickly due to a flammable wood preservative that had been used. The building was completely destroyed.[]
One of Cash's final collaborations with producer Rick Rubin, American V: A Hundred Highways