Robert hooke inventions
No portrait survives of Robert Hooke.
2:35YouTubeHow Robert Hooke Discovered The CellDec 9, 2015127.1K Views
English physicist Robert Hooke is known for his discovery of the law of elasticity (Hooke’s law), for his first use of the word cell in the sense of a basic unit of organisms (describing the microscopic cavities in cork), and for his studies of microscopic fossils, which made him an early proponent of a theory of evolution.His name is somewhatobscure today, due in part to the enmity of his famous, influential,and extremely vindictive colleague, Sir Isaac Newton. Yet Hookewas perhaps the single greatest experimental scientist of theseventeenth century. His interests knew no bounds, ranging fromphysics and astronomy, to chemistry, biology, and geology, toarchitecture and naval technology; he collaborated or correspondedwith scientists as diverse as Christian Huygens,Antonyvan Leeuwenhoek, Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, and Isaac other accomplishments, he invented the universal joint, the iris diaphragm,and an early prototype of the respirator; invented the anchor escapementand the balance spring, which made more accurate clocks possible; servedas Chief Surveyor and helped rebuild London after the Great Fire of ;worked out the correct theory of combustion; devised an equation describingelasticity that is still used today ("Hooke's Law"); assisted Robert Boylein studying the physics of gases; invented or improved meteorologicalinstruments such as the barometer, anemometer, and hygrometer; andso on.
He was the type of scientist that was then called a virtuoso-- able to contribute findings of major importance in any field of is not surprising that he made important contributions to biology and topaleontology.
Relatively little is known about Robert Hooke's life. He was born on July 18,, at Freshwater, on the Isle of Wight, the son of a churchman.
He wasapparently largely educated at home by his father, althoughhe also served an apprenticeship to an artist. He was able toenter Westminster School at the age of thirteen, and from there went to Oxford, wheresome of the best scientists in England were working at the time.
Hookeimpressed them with his skills at designing experiments and buildingequipment, and soon became an assistant to the chemist Robert Boyle. In Hooke was named Curator of Experiments of the newly formed RoyalSociety of London -- meaning that he was responsible for demonstratingnew experiments at the Society's weekly meetings. He later became GreshamProfessor of Geometry at Gresham College, London, where he had a set of roomsand where he lived for the rest of his life.
His health deteriorated over thelast decade of his life, although one of his biographers wrote that "He was of anactive, restless, indefatigable Genius even almost to the last." He died in Londonon March 3,
Hooke's reputation in the history of biology largely rests on his bookMicrographia, published in Hooke devised the compoundmicroscope and illumination system shown above, one of the bestsuch microscopes of his time, and used it in his demonstrations at theRoyal Society's meetings.
Cork cell robert hooke biography English physicist Robert Hooke is known for his discovery of the law of elasticity (Hooke’s law), for his first use of the word cell in the sense of a basic unit of organisms (describing the microscopic cavities in cork), and for his studies of microscopic fossils, which made him an early proponent of a theory of evolution.With it he observed organisms as diverse asinsects,sponges,bryozoans,foraminifera,andbirdfeathers. Micrographia was an accurate and detailed record of hisobservations, illustrated with magnificent drawings, such as the flea shown below,which Hooke described as "adorn'd with a curiously polish'd suite of sable Armour,neatly jointed.
. ." It was a best-seller of its day. Some readers ridiculed Hookefor paying attention to such trifling pursuits: a satirist of the time poked fun athim as "a Sot, that has spent £ in Microscopes, to find out thenature of Eels in Vinegar, Mites in Cheese, and the Blue of Plums which he hassubtly found out to be living creatures." Morecomplimentary was the reaction of the diarist and government official SamuelPepys, who stayed up till AM one night reading Micrographia, which hecalled "the most ingenious book that I ever read in my life."
Perhaps his most famous microscopical observation washis study of thin slices of cork, depicted above right.
In "Observation XVIII" ofthe Micrographia, he wrote:
. . .See full list on thoughtco.com Robert Hooke (July 18, –March 3, ) was a 17th-century "natural philosopher"—an early scientist—noted for a variety of observations of the natural world. But perhaps his most notable discovery came in when he looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope lens and discovered cells.I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforatedand porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular. . . .these pores, or cells, . . . were indeed the first microscopical pores Iever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writeror Person, that had made any mention of them before this.
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Hooke had discovered plant cells -- more precisely, what Hooke saw werethe cell walls in cork tissue. In fact, it was Hooke who coined the term "cells":the boxlike cells of cork reminded him of the cells of a monastery. Hooke alsoreported seeing similar structures in wood and in other plants. In , after Leeuwenhoekhad written to the Royal Society with a report of discovering "little animals" --bacteria and protozoa -- Hooke was asked by the Society to confirm Leeuwenhoek'sfindings.
He successfully did so, thus paving the way for the wide acceptance ofLeeuwenhoek's discoveries. Hooke noted that Leeuwenhoek's simple microscopesgave clearer images than his compound microscope, but found simple microscopesdifficult to use: he called them "offensive to my eye" and complained that they"much strained and weakened the sight."
Hooke was also a keen observer of fossils and geology.
While some fossilsclosely resemble living animals or plants, others do not -- because of theirmode of preservation, because they are extinct, or because they representliving taxa which are undiscovered or poorly known.
Videos Robert Hooke FRS (/ hʊk /; 18 July – 3 March ) [4][a] was an English polymath who was active as a physicist ("natural philosopher"), astronomer, geologist, meteorologist and architect. [5].In the seventeenthcentury, a number of hypotheses had been proposed for the origin of widely accepted theory, going back to Aristotle, stated that fossilswere formed and grew within the Earth. A shaping force, or "extraordinaryPlastick virtue," could thus create to stones that looked like living beingsbut were not. Hooke's contemporary, the naturalist and shell collector MartinLister wrote in that "our English Quarry-shells were not cast in anyAnimal mold, whose species or race is yet to be found in being at this day."We would now interpret these fossils as belonging to extinct taxa, but extinctionwas not widely accepted at the time, and Lister concluded: "I am apt to think,there is no such matter, as Petrifying of Shells in the business.
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2:51YouTubeRobert Hookes Discovery of Cell: In this groundbreaking study, he coined the term "cell" while discussing the structure of cork. He also described flies, feathers and snowflakes, and correctly identified fossils as remnants.
but thatthese Cockle-like shells ever were, as they are at present, lapides suigeneris [stones of their own kind], and never any part of an Animal."
Hooke examined fossils with a microscope -- the first person to do so -- andnoted close similarities between the structures of petrified wood and fossilshells on the one hand, and living wood and living mollusc shells on the Micrographia he compared a piece of petrified wood with a piece ofrotten oak wood, and concluded that
this petrify'd Wood having lain in some place where itwas well soak'd with petrifying water (that is, such water as is wellimpregnated with stony and earthy particles) did by degrees separateabundance of stony particles from the permeating water, which stonyparticles, being by means of the fluid vehicle convey'd, not onely intothe Microscopical pores.Hooke's language may be archaic, but his meaning is quite modern: Deadwood could be turned to stone by the action of water rich in dissolved minerals,which would deposit minerals throughout the wood.. . but also into the pores or Interstitia. . . ofthat part of the Wood, which through the Microscope, appears most solid. . .
Hooke also concluded inMicrographiathat the shell-like fossils that he examined reallywere "the Shells of certain Shel-fishes, which, either by some Deluge,Inundation, earthquake, or some such other means, came to be thrown tothat place, and there to be fill'd with some kind of Mud or Clay, or petrifyingWater, or some other substance.
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Hooke's Discourse of Earthquakes, published two years after his death,shows that his geological reasoning had gone even further. Following in thefootsteps ofLeonardo da Vinci,Hooke explained the presence of fossil shells on mountains and in inland regions:"Most of those Inland Places.
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are, or have been heretofore under the Water. . .the Waters have been forc'd away from the Parts formerly cover'd, and many of thosesurfaces are now raised above the level of the Water's Surface many scores ofFathoms. It seems not improbable, that the tops of the highest and most considerableMountains in the World have been under Water, and that they themselves mostprobably seem to have been the Effects of some very great Earthquake."Hooke continued to study fossils and compare them with living organisms -- theillustration above shows the coiled shells of three living cephalopods, Nautilus,Argonauta, and Spirula, compared with a fossil ammonite (upper right).He concluded that many fossils represented organisms that no longer existed onEarth: "There have been manyother Species of Creatures in former Ages, of which we can find none at present;and that 'tis not unlikely also but that there may be divers new kinds now, whichhave not been from the beginning."
Hooke had grasped the cardinal principle of paleontology -- that fossils arenot "sports of Nature," but remains of once-living organisms that can be usedto help us understand the history of life.
Hooke realized, two and a half centuriesbefore Darwin, that the fossil record documents changes among the organismson the planet, and that species have both appeared and gone extinct throughoutthe history of life on Earth. These questions of the nature of fossils and thepossibility of extinction would continue to challenge natural scientists, from EdwardLhwyd and John Raydown to Jean-BaptisteLamarck andGeorges Cuvier.